This work proposes the reuse of spent ground coffee waste (SCG) extracts as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in acid medium, and the correlation between their anticorrosive efficiency and chemical composition. The extraction method was optimized using a central composite design, and the chemical composition of the extracts was accessed using UV-Vis spectrometry, HPLC, and ICP-OES. EIS and Potentiodynamic Polarization (PP) tests evaluated the anticorrosive properties of the extracts. Total phenol content ranged from 93 mg L-1 to 219 mg L-1 Gallic Acid Equivalent. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds was observed for syringic acid (78.67 mg L-1), while the lowest concentration was verified for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (0.01 mg L-1). The Pearson correlation coefficient showed no correlation between the Rct and the total phenol content, although, positive correlations with the Rct was observed for caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid. EIS analysis revealed that all of the extracts could act as corrosion inhibitors. The best performance was verified for C3 extract (IE % = 94.83%). PP tests showed that this extract acted as a mixed inhibitor, with a predominant cathodic effect. Therefore, the valorization of the extracts as corrosion inhibitors was successfully achieved.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se a presença de 42 analitos, incluindo piretróides, lactonas macrocíclicas e antimicrobianos em 132 amostras de leite de tanque proveniente de 45 propriedades leiteiras localizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais. Para tal, utilizou-se a cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrofotometria de massas tandem e cromatografia gasosa com detector com captura de elétrons. Dentre todas as amostras de leite, 40 (30,30%) amostras de leite de tanque apresentaram a presença de pelo menos um analito, enquanto 16 amostras (12,12%) de leite demonstraram a presença de pelo menos dois analitos. Considerando os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, 11 amostras de leite (8,33%) seriam consideradas como não conforme. Ademais, os testes de triagem para detecção de antimicrobianos no leite não conseguiram identificar a maioria das amostras positivas nos testes confirmatórios, levando a grande discrepância entre estes testes. Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os períodos de descarte do leite, especialmente para piretróides, não foram plenamente respeitados por todos os produtores de leite. Além disto, uma discrepância entre os resultados dos testes confirmatórios e os testes de triagem foi observada.

ABSTRACT: A survey of veterinary drug residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was carried out through a broad scope analysis. Here, 132 raw milk samples were collected at 45 dairy farms in Minas Gerais from August 2009 to February 2010, and analyzed for 42 analytes, comprising pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Within all milk samples, at least one veterinary drug residue was identified in 40 milk samples (30.30%) by confirmatory tests, whereas 16 samples (12.12%) showed the presence of at least two residues. With regard to the Brazilian maximum residue levels, 11 milk samples (8.33%) were non-compliant according to Brazilian Legislation. The veterinary drugs detected in the non-compliant milk samples include penicillin V (one sample), abamectin (one sample) and cypermethrin (nine samples). Furthermore, the antibacterial screening methods failed to identify most of the positive samples that were detected by confirmatory tests, leading to a large discrepancy between the screening and confirmatory antimicrobial tests. Thus, the present study indicated that the veterinary drugs residues still represents a great concern for the milk production chain.

This study investigated the phenology and the ripening characteristics of Vitis vinifera grapes Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Sangiovese and Syrah in two consecutive vintages (2006 and 2007) in order to evaluate the adaptation of these recently cultivated varieties in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The phenological data observed, budburst, blooming, setting, véraison and harvest were monitorated. In order to monitor the ripening levels of pH, total acidity, total soluble solids, maturation Índex, total monomeric anthocyanins, total polyphenols index and color index were analyzed.The results show that the phenological cycle from budburst to harvest occurred within a frame time of 191 and 219 days and the heat summation requirements varied between 1,161 and 1,340 GDD. The summing of the GDD results during the phenological cycle of the grapevines (budburst - harvest) characterizes São Joaquim-SC as "Region I" (< 1,389 GDD), that is, a "cold region" in terms of the Winkler Regions.The climatic parameters influenced the grapevine phenology and the grape ripening. The results showed that these different grape varieties had typical characteristics at maturity and indicated that they have potential for the production of fine wines, suggesting that São Joaquim-SC is suitable for Vitis vinifera grape growing.

Se estudio la fenología y las características de maduración de uvas Vitis vinifera Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Sangiovese y Syrah en dos vendimias consecutivas (2006 y 2007), con el fin de evaluar la adaptación de estas variedades cultivadas recientemente en San Joaquim, Santa Catarina (Brasil). Las características fenológicas observadas fueron: brotación, floración, cuajado, envero y vendimia. Se analizaron los niveles de maduración de pH, acidez total, sólidos solubles totales, índice de maduración, el total de antocianos, índice de los polifenoles totales y el índice de color. Los resultados muestran que el ciclo fenológico desde la brotación hasta la vendimia se produjo entre 191 y 219 días y con requerimientos de acumulación de calor de 1.161 y 1.340 grados día. El resumen de los resultados de suma térmica durante el ciclo fenológico de la vid (brotación -cosecha) caracteriza a São Joaquim-SC como "Region I" (<1.389 grados día), es decir, una "zona fría", en términos de las Regiones Winkler. Los parámetros climáticos influyeron en la fenología de la vid y la maduración de la uva. Los resultados mostraron que estas variedades de uva tenían características típicas en la madurez y que ellos tienen un potencial para la producción de vinos finos, lo que sugiere que San Joaquim-SC es adecuado para el crecimiento de uvas Vitis vinifera.

The wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cv. Cabernet Sauvignon has recently been introduced at a 1160 m altitude in the São Joaquim área (Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil). The aim of this work was to evalúate the maturation of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes subjected to a Y training system or a vertical shoot positioning trellis (VSP). Grapes were sampled at 10-day intervals throughout their maturation during two consecutive vintage years (2004-2005 and 2005-2006). Climate data were assessed. Based on the results obtained in both vintage years at maturity, titratable acidities (TA) ranged from 0.67 to 0.85 g-100 mL-1 of tartaric with the pH fluctuating between 3.49 and 3.77. The maturation Índex (total soluble solids/TA) at maturity ranged from 26 to 35, and was always higher for berries from the VSP system. Significant differences were observed for the anthocyanin content (TMA) and total polyphenol Índex (TPI) valúes that may be attributed to differences in vintage year and climate conditions. Climatic conditions strongly influenced the grape quality, and it is important to note that São Joaquim is a warm región according to the Winkler scale, with 1668-1944 GDD °C. Under these environmental conditions, the VSP system provided better results for TSS, berry weight and acidity than the Y system, which could be seen more clearly in 2005-2006 due to lower rainfall.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la maduración de uvas Cabernet Sauvignon bajo dos sistemas de conducción: sistema en Y y sistema de espaldera alta (VSP). Las viñas han sido cultivadas recientemente en la ciudad de São Joaquim, Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil), a 1160m de altitud. Las uvas fueron muestreadas para el análisis de su maduración en dos vendimias consecutivas, 2004-2005 y 2005-2006, cada 10 días, desde envero a cosecha. Parámetros del mesoclima también fueron determinados. Los resultados muestran que a madurez, en ambas vendimias los valores de acidez total (TA) fluctuaron entre 0,67 y 0,85 g-100 mL-1 de ácido tartárico y el pH entre 3,49 y 3,77. En general, TA a madurez fue más baja en 2004-2005 que en 2005-2006. El índice de maduración (sólidos solubles totales/TA) en la madurez varió desde 26 a 35, y fue más alto para bayas cultivadas en VSP. Se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores de antocianas y en el índice de los polifenoles totales (TPI); la vendimia y el clima explicaron las fuertes diferencias entre los niveles de antocianas y TPI. Las condiciones climáticas influyeron fuertemente en la calidad de la uva. En Sao Joaquim, el clima fue clasificado como 'Región III', según la Escala de Winkler, una región cálida (1668 a 1944 °C). En general, el sistema VSP dio mejores resultados en lo referente a TSS, peso de la baya y acidez los que se percibieron más claramente en 2006 debido al menor nivel de precipitaciones.